Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

--- en:praktikum:versuche_bachelor [2019/02/19 08:58] – [C7: Light curve of an eclipsing binary star] maxpri
+++ en:praktikum:versuche_bachelor [2024/09/19 10:12] (current) – [C7: Light curve of an eclipsing binary star] rhainich
@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==== O1: Astronomy like Kepler ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
 **Aim:**  The aim is to become acquainted with the telescopes, the local circumstances, the coordinate systems, and popular catalogs of astronomical objects. Moreover, astronomical data shall be acquired by means of simple tools.
@@ Line 28: / Line 30: @@
   * Add an observational protocol and one drawing per participant
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{en:labcourse:bachelor:drawings.png|Drawing of NGC6543 & M13}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
@@ Line 36: / Line 43: @@
 **Instructions:**
-Prepare a list of suitable binary stars, taking the observing conditions into account (i.e. latitude). Sources to find binary lists: http://www.calsky.com/cs.cgi/Deep-Sky/7?&lang=en, http://www.stophi.de/doppelstern.htm, and http://astroclub.tau.ac.il/ephem/VisualDoubleStars/ (the second is in German). Observe them with the eyepiece in decreasing angular distance and write down their [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution#Explanation|resolvability]].
+Prepare a list of suitable binary stars, taking the observing conditions into account (i.e. latitude). Sources to find binary lists: http://www.stophi.de/doppelstern.htm, http://users.compaqnet.be/doublestars/, and http://astroclub.tau.ac.il/ephem/VisualDoubleStars/ (the first one is in German). Observe them with the eyepiece in decreasing angular distance and write down their [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution#Explanation|resolvability]].
+/*http://www.calsky.com/cs.cgi/Deep-Sky/7?&lang=en*/
 **Report:** The report shall explain the experiment and describe how its work. The basics of binary stars (physical/visual) and resolvability (Dawes' limit) shall be explained. Furthermore, the results of the experiment shall be discussed in that context. Additionally, the results shall be compared to literature references. Finally, possible errors and their reasons shall be discussed.
 **Comment:** The experiment can be repeated with different eyepieces.
 ==== O3: Lunar craters (eyepiece) ====
-/*
+<WRAP group>
-Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org
+<WRAP twothirds column>
-Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.org alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
-*/
-[{{ http://feature.sternenwelt.net/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+Moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=0&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org}}]
 **Aim:** The aim of this experiment is to identify at least three lunar craters and to calculate their size.
@@ Line 71: / Line 75: @@
 **Report:** Write a report for this experiment that describes the observation and compares the results with literature values. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method shall be discussed in detail along with all possible sources of errors.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+/*
+Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de
+Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.de alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
+*/
+[{{ https://www.der-mond.de/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+Moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=0&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de}}]
+/*
+{{:labcourse:mondgrafik.jpg|}}
+*/
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
 ==== O4: Jupiter and its moons (eyepiece) ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
 **Aim:** Observe and identify the big moons of Jupiter.
@@ Line 91: / Line 111: @@
 **Note:** If only one observation could be performed, it can be repeated a few days later. The current positions of the moons of Jupiter can e.g. be seen in [[http://www.astronomie.de/Images/Himmelaktuell/obsjup.gif|this]] image. A more detailed analysis can be performed with the help of //Stellarium//.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{en:labcourse:bachelor:jupiter_drawing.jpg|Drawing: Jupiter and its moons at 2 points in time}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
@@ Line 97: / Line 122: @@
 ==== C1: Deep Sky Imaging ====
-**Aim:**  Images of an deep sky object shall be taken in different filters (R, G, B, IR, H_alpha, ...) with help of the CCD camera (STF-8300). Afterwards they shall be calibrated and qualitatively interpreted at the computer.
-**Method:** Observe with the STF-8300. Take also all necessary correction exposures. The data reduction follows and can be done by use of our scripts or with software chosen by the students.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
+**Aim:**  Images of an deep sky object shall be taken in different filters (R, G, B, IR, H_alpha, ...) with help of the CMOS camera (QHY-600). Afterwards they shall be calibrated and qualitatively interpreted at the computer.
+**Method:** Observe with the QHY-600M. Take also all necessary correction exposures. The data reduction follows and can be done by use of our scripts or with software chosen by the students.
 **Instructions:**
 At the telescope:
-  * Install the CCD camera with filter wheel at the telescope
+  * Install the CMOS camera with filter wheel at the telescope
   * Cool and focus the camera (e.g. focus at a globular cluster)
   * Take images of the selected object
@@ Line 116: / Line 144: @@
 **Report:** The report shall include both a description of the observations at the telescope and the data reduction at the computer. The basics of CCD technology and the required correction exposures shall be described. The final images shall be qualitatively discussed with respect to possible physical processes and phenomena ("What can be seen there?").
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ost:gallery:nebulas:ngc_6888.jpg|NGC 6888}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
@@ Line 122: / Line 156: @@
 //Security advice:// This experiment is not performed with the OST. NEVER point the OST to the Sun! This can permanently damage the OST and the instruments. Observations of the Sun can and may only be performed with intact sun filters, which are only available for our mobile telescopes. In any case, an instructor needs to be present before the telescope is pointed to the Sun.
+<WRAP group>
-/*
+<WRAP twothirds column>
-Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org
-Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.org alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
-*/
-[{{ http://feature.sternenwelt.net/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+sun&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=0&txph=0&txmoal=0&txmoph=0&txmobe=0&txmophti=0&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=0&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=1&grsohoueber=0&soep=1&txsost=1&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org}}]
 **Aim:** Create a radial brightness profile of the Sun. Use this to verify the limb darkening of the Sun that is an indication of the structure of the Sun (a shining ball of gas). Additionally, the handling of the mobile telescope shall be learned.
@@ Line 142: / Line 171: @@
   * Point the telescope to the central part of the sun's disk (try to have both the rim and the central part in one image, otherwise take a series of exposures)
   * Check the images at the computer, take more exposures if needed
-  * Extract a radial profile from the raw data and obtain a graphical representation -> [[en:praktikum:sonnenrandverdunklung|How-to]]
+  * Extract a radial profile from the raw data and obtain a [[en:praktikum:sonnenrandverdunklung|graphical representation]]
 **Report:**  The report shall contain a (short) description of the phenomenon of limb darkening, a summary of the experimental design and the execution of the observation, and a discussion of the obtained intensity profile. Helpful for the interpretation of the intensity profile might be the following theoretical curve:
 \begin{equation*}
-I(\mu) = \frac{3}{5}\left(\cos{(\mu)}+\frac{2}{3}\right)\qquad \textrm{ with } \qquad\mu=\cos\theta \qquad\textrm{ and }\qquad r/R_\odot = \sin\theta
+I(\mu) = \frac{3}{5}\left(\mu+\frac{2}{3}\right)\qquad
+\end{equation*}
+with
+\begin{equation*}
+\qquad\mu=\cos\theta \qquad\textrm{ and }\qquad r/R_\odot = \sin\theta
 \end{equation*}
@@ Line 165: / Line 200: @@
 ++++
-<color blue>Please note:</color> If the whole disk of the Sun is covered by the obtained images, a mosaic can be created. A high quality mosaic might qualify for the [[http://polaris.astro.physik.uni-potsdam.de/gallery/|gallery]].
+<color blue>Please note:</color> If the whole disk of the Sun is covered by the obtained images, a mosaic can be created (see right, or on the smartphone below). A high quality mosaic might qualify for the [[http://polaris.astro.physik.uni-potsdam.de/gallery/|gallery]].
 /*
@@ Line 171: / Line 206: @@
 */
+</WRAP>
-==== C3: Lunar craters (CCD camera) ====
+<WRAP third column>
 /*
-Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org
+Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de
-Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.org alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
+Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.de alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
 */
-[{{ http://feature.sternenwelt.net/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=0&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org}}]
+[{{ https://www.der-mond.de/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+sun&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=0&txph=0&txmoal=0&txmoph=0&txmobe=0&txmophti=0&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=0&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=1&grsohoueber=0&soep=1&txsost=1&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de}}]
+{{ost:gallery:sunsystem:sun_2.jpg|}}
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
+==== C3: Lunar craters (CCD camera) ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
 **Aim:** The aim of this observation is to identify at least three lunar craters and to determine their size (diameter).
@@ Line 195: / Line 240: @@
  **Report:** The report shall document the observations, the calculations, and the estimates. Furthermore, discuss the possible deviations to literature values (crater diameters) and the accuracy of this method in detail.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+/*
+Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de
+Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.de alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
+*/
+[{{ https://www.der-mond.de/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=0&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
 ==== C4: Jupiter and its moons (CCD camera) ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
 **Aim:** Observe and identify the large moons of Jupiter
@@ Line 206: / Line 264: @@
 */
-**Instructions:** Point the telescope towards Jupiter that can easily be found during winter and spring. The Galilean moons (Galileo Galilei discovered them around 1610) are easily seen. Some are larger than the Earth's moon and even larger than Mercury. Identify these four moons. Identify these four moons and document the run of the moons by means of a series of exposures. In case Jupiter is not observable (usually during summer and autumn), alternatively the Saturn (Lord of the Rings) and its moons can be observed.
+**Instructions:** Point the telescope towards Jupiter that can easily be found during winter and spring. The Galilean moons (Galileo Galilei discovered them around 1610) are easily seen. Some are larger than the Earth's moon and even larger than Mercury. Identify these four moons. Identify these four moons and document the run of the moons by means of a series of exposures. In case Jupiter is not observable, alternatively the Saturn (Lord of the Rings) and its moons can be observed.
 **Report:** The individual images shall be color-inverted (black moons on white background). The moons in these images shall be identified. Put particular attention to the temporal changes in their position and the velocities of the moons (e.g. compare with //Stellarium//). In case the weather conditions allow good images of Jupiter itself, discuss visible surface structures of the planet, too.
 **Note:** If only a small number of images could be taken at the time of observations, it can be repeated a few days later. The current positions of the Galilean moons can e.g. be seen in [[http://www.astronomie.de/Images/Himmelaktuell/obsjup.gif|this]] image. A more detailed analysis can be performed by use of //Stellarium//.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ost:gallery:sunsystem:jupiter.jpeg|Jupiter and the Galilean moons}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
@@ Line 222: / Line 286: @@
 <WRAP group>
-<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP third column>
 [{{ :labcourse:1610.jpg |Schematic drawing of the relevant points on the Moon}}]
 </WRAP>
-<WRAP half column>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ost:gallery:sunsystem:moon_2.jpg?260| Crescent moon with terminator}}]
-[{{ http://feature.sternenwelt.net/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=1&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=0&geolase=0&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=4&geobrse=0&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache |Service provided by www.Der-Mond.org}}]
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ https://www.der-mond.de/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+moon&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=1&txph=1&txmoal=1&txmoph=1&txmobe=1&txmophti=1&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=1&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=0&grsohoueber=0&soep=1&txsost=0&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=0&geolase=0&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=4&geobrse=0&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache |Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de}}]
 </WRAP>
 </WRAP>
 **Report:** The report shall document the observations. At least two mountains shall be observed in this experiment and their heights shall be estimated. Furthermore, discuss the accuracy of the method and possible errors.
 ==== C6: Classification of galaxies ====
@@ Line 243: / Line 311: @@
 **Method:** Observe five nearby galaxies with the CCD camera (STF-8300) and reduce the data. Discuss the appearance of these galaxies and classify them according to the Hubble sequence. Also research (e.g. with [[http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/|Simbad]]) which galaxies were observed.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
+\\
 **Instructions:**
   * Bring some time -- plan at least 45 minutes per target
@@ Line 259: / Line 330: @@
    * Classification of the observed galaxies
    * Possible identification of these galaxies (add further images from the internet to support the identification, if needed)
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+{{en:labcourse:bachelor:galaxies_wiki.png}}
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
@@ Line 267: / Line 344: @@
 **Method:** Obtain exposures of an eclipsing binary star of the [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algol|Algol type]] with the STF-8300 (CCD camera). Potential binary stars are RZ Cas, U Sge, or U Cep. These objects have photometric periods of a few days and brightness variations of more than one magnitude. By means of a series of exposures, the apparent brightness is measured over a time span of a few hours.
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
 ^  object  ^  period [days]  ^  $\Delta M_\mathrm{V}$ [mag]  ^
 |  RZ Cas  |  1.195247    |  1.5  |
@@ Line 273: / Line 352: @@
 |  U Cep   |  2.4930475   |  2.5  |
 |  TV Cas  |  1.81259     |  1.0  |
+|  HS 0705+6700  |  0.0956     |  1.0  |
 |  ...     |  -  |  -  |
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ost:light_curve:tv_cas.png|Light curve of TV Cas}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
 **Instructions:** First find a suitable minimum of your target, e.g. via this [[http://www.calsky.com/cs.cgi/Deep-Sky/8/1?&lang=en|site]]. At the date of the observation, connect the STF-8300 to the telescope and point it to your target. Afterwards, use the computer to take a series of observations (as long as possible). The data reduction can be performed in collaboration with the supervisors.
 ++++ Data reduction |
+Please ask a lab course instructor for help.
+/*
 Use the prepared [[en:praktikum:gdl|GDL]] scripts, which can be found at the [[en:praktikum:zugang |laboratory course computer]] (also see details of the [[en:praktikum:namenskonvention |name convention for files]]), to reduce the data photometrically. There are two scripts that do the principal data reduction (1_reduce_images.pro), the read-out, and the plotting of the photometry (2_obtain_flux.pro). Copy them to your local directory and adjust the names of the paths and the date of the current minimum. Compile and run the scripts with [[en:praktikum:gdl |GDL]] to obtain the light curve of the eclipsing binary star, which can be completed using archive data.
+*/
 ++++
 **Report:**  The report should include a short description of eclipsing binary stars, a summary of the observation (setup and execution), and the description and discussion of the obtained light curve. Last but not least, discuss the errors, too.
+==== C8: The Sun in H$\alpha$ (experimental ) ====
+<WRAP group>
+<WRAP twothirds column>
+//Security advice:// This experiment is not performed with the OST. NEVER point the OST to the Sun! This can permanently damage the OST and the instruments. Observations of the Sun can and may only be performed with intact sun filters, which are only available for our mobile telescopes. In any case, an instructor needs to be present before the telescope is pointed to the Sun.
+\\
+**Aim:** The sun and especially its activity phenomena in the H$\alpha$ light shall be observed and characterized. The Sun's H$\alpha$ emission comes from its chromosphere and thus allows us to study the upper solar atmosphere. With the help of this experiment, the solar atmosphere is to be examined in more detail and the knowledge about which radiation is emitted in which layers is deepened. You will also learn how to use the mobile telescopes.
+**Method:** A dedicated H$\alpha$ telescope is available for this experiment, which allows the sun to be observed in a very narrow band (<5Å). The filter (actually a combination of two etalons) is tunable so that the Doppler shift of moving structures can be compensated and these structures can be made visible. First the telescope is pointed at the sun and then the focus is adjusted. The contrast is then set using the rear etalon so that the features that you want to photograph are visible. Then the brightness can be adjusted and the contrast optimized using the front etalon. A small series of images can then be taken in order to achieve the best possible result according to the lucky imaging principle.
+**Instructions:**
+  * Setting up the mobile mount  [[en:ost:telescope:c8_bedienung|Celestron Advanced GT]]
+  * Mounting of the [[en:osst|H$\alpha$ telescope]]
+  * [[en:ost:telescope:c11_bedienung#Alignment|Perform alignment]]
+  * Attachment of the CCD camera and establishment of the connection to the laptop
+  * Orientation towards the sun and taking of the images
+  * Pre-checking the images on the laptop, if necessary take additional images
+**Report:**  A brief description of the structure of the solar atmosphere should be followed by an explanation of the functional principle of the H$\alpha$ telescope. Then it should be discussed which activity phenomena can in principle be visible and why these are particularly evident in the H$\alpha$ light. This can then be illustrated and discussed using the recordings obtained.
+</WRAP>
+<WRAP third column>
+[{{ost:gallery:sunsystem:halpha_se_21-06-10_12-54-07.jpeg| Partial solar eclipse on June 10, 2021 recorded with our Hα telescope }}]
+\\
+/*
+Ein Service von www.Der-Mond.de
+Erfahren Sie auf Der-Mond.de alles wissenswertes über unseren Erdtrabanten! Vom Basiswissen über Ephemeridenberechnung, aktuelle Mondphasen und sogar einer interaktiven Mondkarte ist für jeden etwas dabei!
+*/
+[{{ https://www.der-mond.de/luna.php?version=3&txue=The+current+sun&zeko=1&zefu=0&grmo=0&txph=0&txmoal=0&txmoph=0&txmobe=0&txmophti=0&txmost=0&txmostau=0&txze=0&zezo=1&zeso=1&format=0&schgr=9&faan=1&scro=0&scgr=0&scbl=0&hiro=240&higr=240&hibl=240&grsoho=1&grsohoueber=0&soep=1&txsost=1&txsostau=0&geolagr=13&geolami=3&geolase=41&geola=O&geobrgr=52&geobrmi=23&geobrse=45&geobr=N&lang=en&.jpg?recache|Service provided by www.Der-Mond.de}}]
+</WRAP>
+</WRAP>
 /*